{"id":2662,"date":"2022-12-02T10:14:01","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T08:14:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/genus-develop.go-vip.co\/pic-ro\/?post_type=resources&p=2662"},"modified":"2022-12-03T04:49:04","modified_gmt":"2022-12-03T02:49:04","slug":"managementul-intarcarii-1-8-ce-se-intampla-la-intarcare","status":"publish","type":"resources","link":"https:\/\/genus-develop.go-vip.co\/pic-ro\/resources\/managementul-intarcarii-1-8-ce-se-intampla-la-intarcare\/","title":{"rendered":"Managementul \u00een\u021b\u0103rc\u0103rii (1\/8): Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00ceN\u021a\u0102RCAREA PURCEILOR: CELE MAI BUNE PRACTICI DE MANAGEMENT\u2013 o serie de 8 articole<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare<\/strong><\/li>
  2. Obiective legate de scroaf\u0103 la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare<\/li>
  3. Managementul scroafei \u0219i purcelului la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare<\/li>
  4. Cazarea purcelului dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare<\/li>
  5. Furajarea scroafei<\/li>
  6. Furajarea purcelului la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare<\/li>
  7. V\u00e2rsta la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare<\/li>
  8. Tipuri de \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare \u00een func\u021bie de v\u00e2rsta purcelului
    \u2026 \u0219i la final un exerci\u021biu de auto evaluare pentru a recapitula subiectul tratat.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
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    Autorii:<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    Emilio Magall\u00f3n Botaya \u2013 Medic veterinar specializat \u00een Economie \u0219i Cre\u0219terea porcilor.
    Sara Beitia Delgado \u2013 Inginer agronom \u2013 La Almenara Farm
    Pablo Magall\u00f3n Verde \u2013 Serviciul tehnic PIC
    David Roldan Feringan \u2013 Veterinar-Granja La Almenara
    Patricia Prieto Mart\u00ednez \u2013 Servicii veterinare Inga Food<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Imagini furnizate de autori<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \u00cen\u021b\u0103rcarea este o parte foarte important\u0103 a ciclului de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i de produc\u021bie al animalelor. Din punctul de vedere al purceilor, printre alte aspecte, aceasta implic\u0103 separarea de mama lor \u0219i o schimbare \u00een compozi\u021bia hranei lor. La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, \u00een organismul scroafei se declan\u0219eaz\u0103 o serie de modific\u0103ri hormonale, care vor marca \u00eenceputul unui nou ciclu de produc\u021bie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00cen aceast\u0103 serie de articole vom \u00eencerca s\u0103 r\u0103spundem la toate \u00eentreb\u0103rile care se pun adesea cu privire la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare \u0219i la cea mai bun\u0103 modalitate de a o realiza. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, pentru a r\u0103spunde la cea mai frecvent\u0103 \u00eentrebare „Care este cea mai bun\u0103 v\u00e2rst\u0103 pentru \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare”, trebuie s\u0103 avem \u00een vedere caracteristicile fiec\u0103rei ferme: genetic\u0103, dotari, management, alimenta\u021bie, personal, condi\u021bion\u0103ri legislative specifice etc. deoarece nu toate fermele folosesc acela\u0219i sistem de \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare \u0219i nici aceea\u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103 la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare?<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    Pentru un management corect al \u00een\u021b\u0103rc\u0103rii, este important s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 natura purcelului \u0219i schimb\u0103rile prin care acesta trece, precum \u0219i realizarea anumitor ac\u021biuni \u00een ce privesc scroafele \u00een\u021b\u0103rcate \u00een vederea preg\u0103tirii urm\u0103toarei gesta\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cum decurge \u00een\u021b\u0103rcarea \u00een mediu natural?<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n

    Procesul de \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare la porcul s\u0103lbatic (mistre\u021b) este gradual, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t purceii mistre\u021bi trec progresiv de la o diet\u0103 exclusiv lactat\u0103 la o diet\u0103 \u00een care intr\u0103 treptat \u0219i hrana solid\u0103. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce purceii cresc, nevoile lor nutri\u021bionale se schimb\u0103 \u0219i cresc. \u00cen plus, produc\u021bia de lapte a scroafei scade \u0219i este insuficient\u0103 pentru a satisface nevoile purceilor. Treptat, purceii se familiarizeaz\u0103 cu hrana solid\u0103. Lacta\u021bia la porcii s\u0103lbatici dureaz\u0103 \u00eentre 8 \u0219i 12 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu scroafa la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare?<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n

    La \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare scroafa trece printr-o schimbare fiziologic\u0103 ca urmare a tranzitului de la produc\u021bia de lapte la reluarea ciclului estral. Acest efect este cauzat de suprimarea produc\u021biei de prolactin\u0103 ca urmare a \u00eencet\u0103rii suptului de c\u0103tre purcei, ceea ce genereaz\u0103 restartarea ciclul estral al scroafei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Imediat dupa \u00een\u021b\u0103rcarea scroafelor, este important\u0103 stimularea acestora cu ajutorul vierilor „\u00eencerc\u0103tori”. Scroafele \u00een\u021b\u0103rcate trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 un contact zilnic cu vierul. Acestea vor intra \u00een estru la 3-6 zile dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare \u0219i vor fi inseminate conform unui protocol bine stabilit, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce acestea prezinta sindrom de imobilitate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \u00cen\u021b\u0103rcarea purceilor de mistre\u021b<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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    Schimbarea dietei la mistre\u021b este una gradual\u0103 ce se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00een patru faze<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Ascunderea<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      • Dureaz\u0103 pe parcursul primei s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni de lacta\u021bie.<\/li>
      • Purcelul r\u0103m\u00e2ne izolat \u00een cuibul construit de scroaf\u0103 \u0219i face incursiuni sporadice \u00een jurul cuibului.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        2. Familiarizarea<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        • Se realizeaz\u0103 \u00een a doua \u0219i a treia s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 de lacta\u021bie.<\/li>
        • Purceii p\u0103r\u0103sesc cuibul \u0219i urmeaz\u0103 scroafa. R\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een grupul lor social. Nu exist\u0103 aproape nici un contact cu al\u021bi purcei din alte cuiburi<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          3. Integrarea \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          • Se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 de la a treia p\u00e2n\u0103 la a \u0219aptea s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 de lacta\u021bie.<\/li>
          • Scroafa las\u0103 purceii singuri pentru perioade lungi de timp, intervalul dintre al\u0103pt\u0103ri cre\u0219te, iar al\u0103pt\u0103rile devin din ce \u00een ce mai scurte. Ace\u0219tia interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu al\u021bi purcei din grupul lor social \u0219i caut\u0103 hran\u0103. 4. Independen\u021ba<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            • De la a \u0219aptea s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 12-17 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni de lacta\u021bie.<\/li>
            • Al\u0103ptarea devine din ce \u00een ce mai pu\u021bin frecvent\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd la un moment dat \u00eenceteaz\u0103. Purceii \u00eenceteaz\u0103 treptat s\u0103 mai sug\u0103, \u00eencep s\u0103 func\u021bioneze independent fa\u021b\u0103 de mam\u0103, de\u0219i fac parte \u00een continuare din acelasi grup social \u0219i dorm al\u0103turi de scroaf\u0103.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              WSI este intervalul de la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare p\u00e2n\u0103 la mont\u0103, interval care reprezint\u0103 timpul necesar pentru ca o scroaf\u0103 s\u0103 redevin\u0103 gestant\u0103, m\u0103surat de la data \u00een\u021b\u0103rc\u0103rii p\u00e2n\u0103 la data insemin\u0103rii\/ montei. Acesta este un parametru foarte important pentru a determina eficien\u021ba reproductiv\u0103 a scroafei. Pentru a favoriza ovula\u021bia, se recomand\u0103 ca scroafelor \u00een\u021b\u0103rcate \u0219i \u00een mod special scroafelor slabe s\u0103 le fie aplicat\u0103 o furajare suplimentar\u0103 (flushing) \u00een intervalul de la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare p\u00e2n\u0103 la mont\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

              Este foarte important s\u0103 se evalueze condi\u021bia corporal\u0103 a scroafelor la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare, pentru a putea aplica diferite curbe de hr\u0103nire \u00een func\u021bie de starea acestora, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t pe perioada de gesta\u021bie s\u0103 se asigure optimul condi\u021biei corporale, mai ales la momentul intr\u0103rii la f\u0103tare a acestora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Cum reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 purcelu\u0219ul atunci c\u00e2nd este \u00een\u021b\u0103rcat?<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n

              Stres<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00cen\u021b\u0103rcarea este un moment foarte delicat \u0219i stresant pentru purcel, deoarece acesta trece printr-o serie de schimb\u0103ri importante \u0219i bru\u0219te:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Pierderea protec\u021biei materne \u0219i separarea brusc\u0103 de mama sa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Diminuarea progresiv\u0103 a efectului de protectie a anticorpilor materni primiti prin colostru \u00een primele zile de via\u021b\u0103 (sc\u0103derea imunit\u0103\u021bii pasive a purcelului) coroborat\u0103 cu o insuficient\u0103 produc\u021bie ini\u021bial\u0103 de anticorpi proprii (imunitate activ\u0103), acestea pot genera o a\u0219a-numit\u0103 \u201cfereastr\u0103 imunitar\u0103 sc\u0103zut\u0103\u201d, care face ca purcelul \u00een\u021b\u0103rcat s\u0103 fie susceptibil la unele boli infectioase, ex. E coli \u00een perioada de dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare (figura 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Schimbarea locului de cazare, aproape \u00eentotdeauna prin transport, uneori pe distan\u021be mari.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Amestecarea inevitabil\u0103 a purceilor din cuiburi diferite, ajung\u00e2nd s\u0103 fac\u0103 parte din grupuri mai mari dec\u00e2t cuibul ini\u021bial, cu lupte consecutive pentru restabilirea ierarhiei sociale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Alt sistem de hr\u0103nire, hr\u0103nitoare \u0219i ad\u0103p\u0103tori diferite, cu mecanisme care necesit\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare \u0219i deprindere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Schimbarea brusc\u0103 de la hrana cald\u0103, lichid\u0103, la hrana rece, solid\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Diete mai pu\u021bin digestibile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Cerin\u021be sporite de ap\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Schimb\u0103ri majore \u00een accesul la hran\u0103: purceii trec de la a m\u00e2nca \u00een cicluri de al\u0103ptare la fiecare 40-60 de minute, la furajare ad libitum cu o hran\u0103 pe care de cele mai multe ori abia au gustat-o (contact brusc cu proteine vegetale).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Trebuie re\u021binut faptul c\u0103, \u00een condi\u021bii naturale, \u00een\u021b\u0103rcarea este un proces gradual \u0219i are loc la o v\u00e2rst\u0103 mai \u00eenaintat\u0103, c\u00e2nd purcelul este mai matur din punct de vedere fiziologic \u0219i imunologic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Figura 1: Sc\u0103derea imunit\u0103\u021bii maternale \u0219i apari\u021bia imunit\u0103\u021bii dob\u00e2ndite: fereastra imunitar\u0103 sc\u0103zut\u0103.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              Probleme digestive \u0219i de hr\u0103nire<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Unul din cele mai importante efecte al stresului de \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare const\u0103 \u00een reducerea consumului de hran\u0103. Ca urmare, purcelul sufer\u0103 de binecunoscutul „sindrom post-\u00een\u021b\u0103rcare”, care se caracterizeaz\u0103 prin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Modific\u0103ri morfologice la nivelul intestinului  sub\u021bire: scurtarea vilozit\u0103\u021bilor intestinale \u0219i m\u0103rirea criptelor intestinale (figura 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Modific\u0103ri enzimatice cauzate de schimb\u0103rile alimentare: dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare activitatea zaharazei \u0219i a maltazei cre\u0219te, iar activitatea lactazei scade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – Modific\u0103ri ale florei intestinale: diversitatea bacterian\u0103 cre\u0219te dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare, iar compozi\u021bia acesteia se modific\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Trebuie remarcat faptul c\u0103, la un animal s\u0103n\u0103tos, flora tractului digestiv este relativ stabil\u0103. Aceasta fiind format\u0103 din bacterii benefice, cum ar fi Lactobacillus, \u0219i bacterii d\u0103un\u0103toare, cum ar fi E. coli. Modific\u0103rile bru\u0219te ale regimului alimentar, stresul etc. duc la reducerea num\u0103rului de lactobacili \u0219i la cre\u0219terea num\u0103rului altor bacterii d\u0103un\u0103toare, ex. E. coli. Acest lucru favorizeaz\u0103 colonizarea tubului digestiv de c\u0103tre al\u021bi agen\u021bi foarte patogeni,ex. rotavirusul, care poate fi la originea diareei \u0219i a absorb\u021biei deficitare a nutrien\u021bilor la purcelul sugar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00cen ultimii ani, termenul de s\u0103n\u0103tate intestinal\u0103 este utilizat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103. Aceast\u0103 stare poate fi ob\u021binut\u0103 printr-un program de alimenta\u021bie echilibrat\u0103 \u0219i foarte digestibil\u0103 \u00een faza de dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare, \u00een acest fel evit\u00e2ndu-se apari\u021bia diareei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               Pentru aceasta este foarte important s\u0103:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – cunoa\u0219te\u021bi factorii de risc alimentar la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – adapta\u021bi dieta la fiziologia purcelului \u00een\u021b\u0103rcat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – \u00eencerca\u021bi s\u0103 ob\u021bine\u021bi un aport ridicat de hran\u0103 \u0219i ap\u0103 c\u00e2t mai devreme posibil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              – \u00een\u021b\u0103rca\u021bi purceii la o greutate \u0219i o v\u00e2rst\u0103 corespunz\u0103toare (acesta este cel mai important factor).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Perioada de laten\u021b\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00cenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul \u00een\u021b\u0103rc\u0103rii, este necesar un consum ridicat \u0219i regulat de furaj de c\u0103tre purcel, \u00een acest fel asigur\u00e2ndu-se integritatea vilozit\u0103\u021bilor intestinale. \u00cen primele zile, aportul de hran\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie de cel pu\u021bin 150 g\/zi, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t purcelul s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i poat\u0103 men\u021bine rezervele de mas\u0103 corporal\u0103. Se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 frecvent ca purcelu\u0219ul s\u0103 piard\u0103 \u00een greutate \u00een primele zile, deoarece \u00eei ia prea mult timp pentru a \u00eencepe s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce. Aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 este denumit\u0103 de unii autori perioada de laten\u021b\u0103. Este perioada de timp de la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd purcelu\u0219ul ajunge la un consum regulat de hran\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Exist\u0103 mari varia\u021bii individuale \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te comportamentul alimentar al purceilor. \u00cen general, ace\u0219tia sunt curio\u0219i, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t vor explora rapid \u00eentreaga box\u0103 \u0219i vor g\u0103si hr\u0103nitorul. Prin urmare, este foarte important ca ace\u0219tia s\u0103 fi \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce furaj \u00een boxa de f\u0103tare sau cel pu\u021bin s\u0103 fie familiariza\u021bi cu acesta, chiar dac\u0103 consumul \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103 este minim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Figura 2: Reprezentarea alter\u0103rii celulelor componente ale vilozit\u0103\u021bilor intestinale. Ingesta de alimente necorespunz\u0103toare duce la \u00eenmul\u021birea accelerat\u0103 a celulelor germinative, ceea ce determin\u0103 eliminarea celulelor absorbante \u0219i, astfel, afecteaz\u0103 absorb\u021bia-excre\u021bia de nutrien\u021bi \u0219i ap\u0103 \u00een intestin. A: vilozitati intestinale; B: cripte intestinale; C: mucoas\u0103.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              De asemenea, pentru a \u00een\u021belege acest proces, este important s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 managementul furajarii purceilor dup\u0103 \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

               C\u00e2nd g\u0103sesc furajul, cei mai mul\u021bi dintre acestia \u00eel vor \u00eencerca, de\u0219i cantit\u0103\u021bile ingerate vor fi minime. Abia dup\u0103 ce se confirm\u0103 c\u0103 hrana este sigur\u0103, o vor consuma \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi normale \u0219i vor adopta un model de furajare regulat. \u00cen mod evident, purceii care au fost deja familiariza\u021bi cu acela\u0219i furaj \u00een boxa de f\u0103tare vor dob\u00e2ndi mai devreme acest model de furajare (figura 3). Exist\u0103, de asemenea, un procent mic de purcei, \u00eentre 5 \u0219i 10 %, care sufer\u0103 de a\u0219a-numita \u201cneofobie alimentar\u0103\u201d. Ace\u0219ti purcei gust\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 furajul la \u00een\u021b\u0103rcare, dar \u00eel refuz\u0103 zile \u00eentregi dup\u0103 aceea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Fluctua\u021biile \u00een consumul de furaj determin\u0103 dezechilibrul florei digestive a purceilor \u0219i proliferarea bacteriilor patogene, cum ar fi E. coli, ceea ce poate duce la diaree \u0219i probleme digestive, cum ar fi boala edemelor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Figura 3: Vizitele efectuate de purcei la hr\u0103nitor, cu \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 acces la furajul starter, \u00een lacta\u021bie.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              Figura 4: Distribu\u021bia num\u0103rului de purcei f\u0103ta\u021bi vii\/ f\u0103tare \u00eentr-o ferm\u0103 cu scroafe hiperprolifice.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

              Pentru a reduce la minimum perioada de laten\u021b\u0103, este foarte util s\u0103 se amplaseze o hr\u0103nitor suplimentar \u00een interiorul boxei deoarece acesta va fi similar cu cel din boxa de f\u0103tare. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp cei care \u00eenc\u0103 nu au m\u00e2ncat \u00eei vor imita pe cei care au mers s\u0103 consume din hr\u0103nitor, \u00een final to\u021bi purceii se vor furaja \u00een grup, a\u0219a cum fac \u00een timpul al\u0103pt\u0103rii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Socializare \u0219i ierarhie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \u00cen s\u0103lb\u0103ticie, mistre\u021bii tr\u0103iesc \u00een grupuri familiale care stabilesc o ordine social\u0103 ierarhic\u0103 \u00een care, de obicei, nu exist\u0103 probleme de agresivitate, cu excep\u021bia cazului \u00een care grupul este destabilizat sau exist\u0103 probleme de spa\u021biu sau de hran\u0103.
              De ce nu se men\u021bine acest comportament \u00een ferme?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              • Lipsa unui spa\u021biu suficient pentru a r\u0103spunde cu supunere la o amenin\u021bare.<\/li>
              • Concuren\u021ba pentru hran\u0103.<\/li>
              • Perturbarea frecvent\u0103 a ierarhiilor cauzat\u0103 de amestecul porcilor din grupuri sociale diferite, deoarece, de obicei, purceii proveni\u021bi din acela\u0219i cuib nu sunt pu\u0219i \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00een aceea\u0219i box\u0103, acestia fiind lotizati \u00een func\u021bie de marime \u0219i de sex.
                Ordinea social\u0103 este restabilit\u0103 \u00een primele 48 de ore.
                De\u0219i nu este o regul\u0103, \u00een cazul \u00een care nu se produc schimb\u0103ri datorate introducerii \u00een grup a unor animale dominante, structura general\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne neschimbat\u0103. Atunci c\u00e2nd apar situa\u021bii de concuren\u021b\u0103, cum ar fi restric\u021bia de hran\u0103 sau lipsa de spa\u021biu, animalele de rang inferior sau intermediar pot fi dezavantajate.
                Aceste situa\u021bii stresante \u0219i\/sau lupte pentru stabilirea ierarhiei de grup duc la o sc\u0103dere a parametrilor de produc\u021bie, cum ar fi sporul mediu zilnic sau rata de conversie a furajului, precum \u0219i la o cre\u0219tere a num\u0103rului de r\u0103niri.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Aceast\u0103 serie de articole a fost publicat\u0103 pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een revista de specialitate SUIS.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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